Peace is possible even though it is always interspersed with its absence. Necropolitical systems hinder peace. The dissociation of the subject, preventing the action of selective force in the face of obstruction of human potential, makes it a-critical, unable to find overcoming strategies. It is the integration of human multidimensionality providing the expression of the potential and action of selective force that can lead the subject to critical reflection and awareness that enables them to create strategies against hegemonic. Knowledge and (...) knowledge carry an axiological burden; values are learned and taught. The way out is in education. Hope and indignation for her absence is a challenge to the whole educational process. The proposals of Espinosa and Rolando Toro Araneda, in dialogue with Ferdinand Röhr and Paulo Freire, constitute philosophies that point out the conditions of possibility with which, not accepting any educational process, strategies are created whose challenge is to educate for peace. In this context, the article proposes to reflect on epistemic-ethical proposals that contribute to peace. (shrink)

Background The literature on the ethics of biobanking often overlooks the practical operations of biobanks. The ethics of stewardship requires that biobank resources are used to conduct beneficial science. Networked biobanks have emerged to increase the scientific benefit of biobank resources, but little is known about whether and how operations of networking may accomplish this goal.Methods As part of a larger study on the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of networked biobanking, we conducted 38 interviews with representatives of 31 (...) networked biobanks. Interviews explored operations of the networks. We used thematic analysis to examine how respondents describe three topics associated with stewarding biobank resources—funding, utilization, and sustainability.Results Our results highlight that funding, utilization, and sustainability are critical not only to the operation of biobanks, but also to the ethical obligations that biobankers owe to stakeholders to steward the resources. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that respondents would describe networking as beneficial to increasing funding, utilization, and sustainability of the network. Respondents generally found value in networked biobanking, but networking did not necessarily increase funding, utilization, and sustainability.Conclusion The results presented here support inclusion of funding, utilization, and sustainability as topics of ethical concern in the practice of biobanking and networked biobanking. These issues are rooted in the stewardship obligations that biobankers feel to their partners, client investigators, and participants. The goal of promoting stewardship through networking requires significant time and effort to build governance models that honor the obligations of each individual biobank to their donors and advance the collective goals of the network. We conclude with suggestions offered by respondents to address improving these aspects of stewardship. (shrink)

The complex relationship between life and the arts has always Vbeen a crucial topic in philosophical discourse. The essays in this book discuss fundamental issues of modern and contemporary aesthetics, drawing upon the work of the French philosopher Jean- Pierre Cometti, a key fi gure in the studies of aesthetics, pragmatism, and Austrian philosophy. The volume covers a wide-range of topics, from the examination of fundamental principles of art and literary criticism to a new understanding of the Modernist notion of (...) art. It proposes an anthropological aesthetics using Musil's The Man Without Qualities or the analysis of literary characters such as Tolstoj's Hadji Murat and Cervantes' Don Quixote as a tool to cast light on themes in Wittgenstein's philosophy. Editors Carla Carmona and Jerrold Levinson have brought together renowned voices in the field of philosophy to offer a window onto Cometti's philosophical work, as well as an in-depth analysis of contemporary artistic and aesthetic practices, in an effort to overcome what can sometimes appear as a gulf between art and life. (shrink)

Flow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it. The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 2000 and 2016. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. Our review (...) provides a framework to cluster flow research, gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and provides an overview about implications for future research. The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. In the first “Individual” level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. The second “Contextual” level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third “Cultural” level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. While flow research has made progress in understanding flow, in the future, more experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to gain deeper insights into the causal structure of flow and its antecedents and consequences. (shrink)

Neste artigo, apresentamos a necessidade de se repensar o estilo de escrita da Filosofia a partir de uma mudança de paradigma conceitual. O que importa à Filosofia e à “forma tratado de ontologia” é encontrar uma forma de dizer a Verdade, de dizer aquilo que é invariável. Ao encontrar esta forma, busca-se criar uma hierarquia de estilos, começando por aquele que diz a Verdade que, de fato, seria a única forma de escrever sobre o Ser e a existência, indo até (...) os estilos que ocupam função política e retórica, até chegar à poesia, o discurso com menor comprometimento com a verdade e o bem comum. Se não defendemos mais a existência de uma verdade única e não pensamos mais a linguagem como instrumento para alcançar esta Verdad, que estaria Fora do Mundo, mas no lugar disso, pensamos a existência como singular-plural e toda “verdade” como um constructo de relações no interior de um mundo, que será sempre um mundo entre outros mundos, então a própria filosofia precisa repensar o seu estilo e a sua forma. Partindo desta demanda inelutável para um pensamento da diferença apresentaremos os argumentos de Jean-Luc Nancy que sustentam esta necessidade de repensar a escrita. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to show that the “attestation of evil and testimony of hope” are characterized by the genitive that accompanies them. This places them both, each no less than the other, in two different horizons: while the horizon of attestation is Heideggerian, the horizon of testimony is a legacy of Jean Nabert. Both of these horizons are present in the thought of Ricœur, and characterize the entire spectrum of his work. However, we are not dealing here (...) with a syncretism resulting from the co-presence of a hermeneutic source and of the philosophy of reflection. On the contrary, I attempt to show that the co-presence of attestation and testimony results from the fact that Ricœur never stopped “walking on two legs,” given what he writes in a conversation published in the Critique and Conviction, and that this presence is rooted in Ricœur’s formation, which is at the same time philosophical, literary and biblical, as he never renounced either the former one, or the latter ones. (shrink)

Este artículo investiga algunos pasajes de la _República_ de Platón para comprender algunos presupuestos y consecuencias de la argumentación del filósofo sobre el estatus de las pasiones, que culmina con la incisiva y radical afirmación, en el libro X, de que “es necesario secar las emociones” (Rep. 606d). Ello se debe a que, según Platón, ellas conducen a los hombres a actuar de forma irracional y cobarde, especialmente a aquellos ciudadanos que se acostumbran a la poesía, especialmente la dramática, que (...) incita a las pasiones. Frente a la crítica del filósofo al valor del teatro y a las expresiones de dolor (como el lamento y el llanto), propongo revalorizar el papel de la emoción en la formación del ciudadano y el fortalecimiento político de un grupo, tomando un caso contemporáneo: la ceremonia fúnebre realizada por el gobierno francés con motivo de la muerte del actor Jean-Paul Belmondo, en el contexto de la crisis pandémica de SARS-CoV-2. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo apresenta um problema que se apresenta no tempo presente e que nos coloca diante da tarefa de repensar os paradigmas da educação e do pensamento. O texto questiona qual o impacto da globalização em como pensamos a Educação e a Filosofia. A base epistemológica do artigo se ancora no pensamento da desconstrução e nas suas interseções com o debate sobre políticas das diferenças e seu desenrolar em autores como Achille Mbembe, Louis Althusser, Frantz Fanon, Lélia Gonzales, Jean-Luc (...) Nancy, entre outros. No artigo apresentamos o conflito entre o mundo ocidental e seu pensamento único com a reflexão de autores que trazem aquilo que excede a este pensamento e que é marginalizado por ele. Colocamos em debate e relação conceitos como brutalismo, raça, desconstrução, ideologia, antropoceno etc. Palavras-chave: Desconstrução; Pedagogia; Filosofia da Diferença; Decolonialidade; Globalização. Education in the face of the end of the World and the end of Philosophy: Brutalism, deconstruction and some reflections on decoloniality, anti-racism and their intersections Abstract: The article presents a problem that arises in the present time and that puts us before the task of rethinking the paradigms of education and thought. The text questions the impact of globalization on how we think about Education and Philosophy. The epistemological basis of the article is anchored in the thought of deconstruction and its intersections with the debate on the politics of differences and its revelation in authors such as Achille Mbembe, Louis Althusser, Frantz Fanon, Lélia Gonzales, Jean-Luc Nancy, among others. The article presents the conflict between the Western world and its monolithic thought with the reflection of authors who bring what exceeds this thought and is marginalized by it. We put into debate and relationships such as brutalism, race, deconstruction, ideology, anthropocene, etc. Keywords: Deconstruction; Pedagogy; Philosophy of Difference; Decoloniality; Globalization. L'éducation face à la fin du monde et à la fin de la philosophie: Brutalisme, déconstruction et quelques réflexions sur la décolonialité, l'antiracisme et leurs intersections Résumé: L'article présente un problème qui se pose à l'heure actuelle et qui nous met face à la tâche de repenser les paradigmes de l'éducation et de la pensée. Le texte s'interroge sur l'impact de la mondialisation sur notre façon de penser l'éducation et la philosophie. La base épistémologique de l'article est ancrée dans la pensée de la déconstruction et ses intersections avec le débat sur la politique des différences et son déploiement chez des auteurs tels qu'Achille Mbembe, Louis Althusser, Frantz Fanon, Lélia Gonzales et Jean-Luc Nancy. Dans l'article, nous présentons le conflit entre le monde occidental et sa pensée unique avec la réflexion d'auteurs qui apportent ce qui dépasse cette pensée et est marginalisé par elle. Nous débattons et mettons en relation des concepts tels que le brutalisme, la race, la déconstruction, l'idéologie, l'anthropocène, etc. Mots-clés: Déconstruction; La Pédagogie; Philosophie de la Différence; Décolonialité; Mondialisation. Data de registro: 24/05/2024 Data de aceite: 18/12/2024. (shrink)

This article documents the general tendency of seventeenth-century natural philosophers, irrespective of whether they were atomists or anti-atomists, to regard space, time and matter as magnitudes having the same internal composition. It examines the way in which authors such as Fromondus, Basson, Sennert, Arriaga, Galileo, Magnen, Descartes, Gassendi, Charleton as well as the young Newton motivated their belief in the isomorphism of space, time and matter, and how this belief reflected on their views concerning the relation between geometry and physics. (...) Special attention is paid to the fact that most of the authors mentioned above regarded rarefaction and condensation, on the one hand, and acceleration and deceleration, on the other hand, as analogous phenomena, which consequently had to be explained in similar terms. (shrink)

This collection of essays is a response to a challenge that is undoubtedly paradoxical: to introduce in Italy an author who is already known and appreciated by scholars who have encountered his work, and, often, followed his teachings. While the transmission of knowledge has traditionally been through both exoteric and esoteric teachings (the former intended for the general public, and the latter for a small group of researchers), this divide is reproduced constantly through the distinction between ‘institutionalised’ knowledge found even (...) in ‘philosophy manuals’, and the knowledge that animates the research and discussions of researchers. If we keep in mind this distinction, we will undoubtedly better understand the influence and role of the work of Jean Greisch (born in 1942), within the Italian hermeneutical tradition from the second half of the last century. If on the one hand, the work of this philosopher is still not much known to the general public (owing to the lack of Italian translations), on the other hand it is difficult, if not impossible, to meet a scholar in the field of hermeneutical tradition who has not been engaged with at least some of Greisch’s works, and who has not suggested or not recommended their reading to junior researchers interested in acquiring hermeneutical reason. This gradual dissemination of Greisch’s work has led to the building of a growing community of scholars gathered around his work, a community that goes beyond all pretentious ‘Rubicon’ divide between German and French hermeneutics. (shrink)

Cormac McCarthy’s No Country for Old Men, and Joel and Ethan Coen’s film adaptation of the same name, deliver two separate critiques of sacrificial violence through their particular renderings of Carla Jean Moss’s death scene, as they correspond, respectively, to the theories of René Girard and Slavoj Žižek. In both film and novel, the chase narrative offers a concrete representation of runaway acquisitive mimesis engendering resentment and cathartic violence. This violence is symbolically manifest in the character of Anton Chigurh. (...) An assassin whose killings often employ a ritual of chance, Chigurh is a symbol for both the violence foundational to culture and the fascinating draw such violence continues to have .. (shrink)

Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo foi analisar e refletir se a produção científica em periódicos nacionais tem abordado a constituição da identidade docente como vocação ou profissão nas formações docente, além de inferir se o PIBID tem contribuído perante essa questão na formação de professores de Ciências. A pesquisa foi qualitativa do tipo “Estado da Arte” e os artigos analisados com base na Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que há uma lacuna de pesquisas que visam identificar como os professores (...) da área de Ciências da Natureza têm se identificado com a docência e quais fatores os têm motivado a ingressarem e permaneceram nos cursos, bem como, quais ações têm sido orquestradas visando estimular a atratividade pela carreira docente. Quanto as contribuições do PIBID os artigos analisados focaram nos saberes relacionados às práticas pedagógicas, sendo que as discussões relacionadas à profissão professor não tem sido abordadas. Nesse sentido, não foi possível fazer um paralelo entre esses resultados no sentido de reconhecer se os licenciandos dos cursos de Ciências percebem a docência como vocação ou ofício. Ou seja, não há uma discussão inerente sobre essa interlocução o que poderia ser foco de futuras pesquisas que clarificassem essa percepção. Palavras-chave: Formação De Professores De Ciências; Identidade Docente; PIBID Vocation or trade? The constitution of the teaching identity of science teachers: the contribution of PIBID Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze and reflect on whether scientific production in national journals has addressed the constitution of teaching identity as a vocation or profession in teacher formation, in addition to inferring whether PIBID has contributed to this issue in the training of Science teachers. The research was qualitative of the “State of the Art” type and the articles were analyzed based on Content Analysis. The results indicated that there is a lack of research aimed at identifying how science teachers have identified themselves with teaching and what factors have motivated them to enter and remain in the courses, as well as what actions have been orchestrated to stimulate their attractiveness for the teaching career. The publications of PIBID are more focused on knowledge related to pedagogical practices, and discussions related to the teaching profession have not been addressed. In this sense, it was not possible to make a parallel between these results in the sense of recognizing whether undergraduate students of Science courses perceive teaching as a vocation or craft. That is, there is no inherent discussion about this interlocution, which could be the focus of future research that would clarify this perception. Keywords: Science Teacher Education; Teacher Identity; PIBID ¿Vocación o oficio? La constitución de la identidad docente de los profesores de Ciencias: la contribución de PIBID Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar y reflexionar si la producción científica en revistas nacionales ha abordado la constitución de la identidad docente como vocación o profesión en la formación docente, además de inferir si el PIBID ha contribuido a este tema en la formación de profesores de ciencias. La investigación fue cualitativa del tipo “Estado del Arte” y los artículos fueron analizados a partir del Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados indicaron que existe un vacío en la investigación orientada a identificar cómo los docentes del área de Ciencias Naturales se han identificado con la docencia y qué factores los han motivado a inscribirse y permanecer en los cursos, así como, qué acciones se han orquestado con el fin de estimular el atractivo de la carrera docente. Las publicaciones del PIBID están más dirigidas al conocimiento relacionado con las prácticas pedagógicas, y no se han abordado discusiones relacionadas con la profesión docente. En ese sentido, no fue posible hacer un paralelismo entre estos resultados en el sentido de reconocer si los estudiantes de pregrado de las carreras de Ciencias perciben la docencia como una vocación o un oficio. Es decir, no existe una discusión inherente sobre esta interlocución, que podría ser el foco de futuras investigaciones que aclararían esta percepción. Palabras clave: Formación Docente De Ciencias; Identidad Docente; PIBID Data de registro: 29/06/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

In Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique, contemporary feminist philosopher Sally Haslanger claims that the reality of race and gender is built on unjust social structures and must be resisted. Meanwhile, contemporary social theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak extends the term ‘subaltern’ to Third World Asian women who were rendered inarticulate by centuries of oppressive masculinist, imperialist, and colonial rule. This article examines how a metaphysics of resistance, culled from philosophy and postcolonial studies, can contribute to expanding postcolonial feminist theologizing.

This research explores the contextual approach within Christian-Jewish religious education, addressing a notable gap in existing literature and offering fresh insights into the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model within Christian contexts. Through a qualitative literature study employing a three-step methodology, including an in-depth analysis of Deuteronomy 11:19–20, this study reveals that this biblical text provides both educational guidance and theological significance, serving as a foundational support for the CTL model in Christian-Jewish religious education. The integration of (...) digital media into biblical sources holds promise for future research, while the central challenge lies in harmonising life experiences and empirical phenomena with biblical reflections to seamlessly integrate inquiry processes and pedagogical phases, with potential avenues for further exploration in scripture models endorsing CTL. This research provides valuable insights for educators, parents and policymakers in Indonesia and beyond, advancing educational research in contextualised teaching models within religious education.Contribution: This article demonstrates that the CTL model in the digital era has the potential to revolutionise religious education and profoundly impact learners, making it a significant scientific contribution in the context of Christian-Jewish religious education. (shrink)

Amidst expanding interest in local food and agriculture, food banks and allied organizations across the United States have increasingly engaged in diverse gleaning, gardening, and farming activities. Some of these programs reinforce food banks’ traditional role in distributing surplus commodities, and most extend food banks’ reliance on middle class volunteers and charitable donations. But some gleaning and especially gardening and farming programs seek to build poor people’s and communities’ capacity to meet more of their own food needs, signaling new roles (...) for some food banks in promoting community food security and food justice. This article reports the results of a national survey and in-depth case studies of the ways in which food banks are engaging in and with local agriculture and how this influences food banks’ roles in community and regional food systems. The patterns it reveals reflect broader tensions in debates about hunger relief and food security. (shrink)

BackgroundHumanitarian crises and emergencies, events often marked by high mortality, have until recently excluded palliative care—a specialty focusing on supporting people with serious or terminal illness or those nearing death. In the COVID-19 pandemic, palliative care has received unprecedented levels of societal attention. Unfortunately, this has not been enough to prevent patients dying alone, relatives not being able to say goodbye and palliative care being used instead of intensive care due to resource limitations. Yet global guidance was available. In 2018, (...) the WHO released a guide on‘Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into the response to humanitarian emergencies and crises’—the first guidance on the topic by an international body.AimsThis paper argues that while a landmark document, the WHO guide took a narrowly clinical bioethics perspective and missed crucial moral dilemmas. We argue for adding a population-level bioethics lens, which draws forth complex moral dilemmas arising from the fact that groups having differential innate and acquired resources in the context of social and historical determinants of health. We discuss dilemmas concerning: limitations of material and human resources; patient prioritisation; euthanasia; and legacy inequalities, discrimination and power imbalances.ImplicationsIn parts of the world where opportunity for preparation still exists, and as countries emerge from COVID-19, planners must consider care for the dying. Immediate steps to support better resolutions to ethical dilemmas of the provision of palliative care in humanitarian and emergency contexts will require honest debate; concerted research effort; and international, national and local ethical guidance. (shrink)

Na presente investigação, objetivou-se analisar, a partir do referencial teórico e metodológico pós-estruturalista, os conceitos de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade na trama com a educação e o ensino de Ciências. Como substrato teórico são utilizadas obras de Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari, ofertando pistas para ampliar a discussão destes conceitos. Na reunião dos saberes investigados, afirma-se um pensamento científico que desenvolve a produção de sentidos para a educação. Diante do exposto, pensa-se em um ensino, que crie estratégias de (...) existências, que reivindique a trama de teorias e práticas, operando os conteúdos científicos na Sociedade. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o que significa ler e escrever no pensamento de Friedrich Nietzsche. Criticando a supremacia da subjetividade que coloca o corpo em segundo plano, o filósofo revela que escrever é mais do que formar sentenças. Junto com o escrever, há uma maneira artística de um autor mostrar os próprios impulsos e vivências. E também o leitor deve prestar atenção e reconhecer nos textos sua própria experiência de vida. O estilo nietzschiano não é sistemático. Isso já (...) prova que ele se preocupou mais com seus próprios instintos criativos do que com as regras impostas pela tradição, dando uma nova perspectiva às artes de escrever, ler, interpretar e criar. (shrink)

Abstract: Research on the nature and varieties of the format of cognitive representations in philosophy and cognitive science have been partly shaped by analogies to external, public representations. In this paper, we argue that relying on such analogies contributes to framing the question of cognitive formats in problematic, potentially counterproductive ways. We show that cognitive and public representations differ in many of their central features, making analogies to public representations ill-suited to improving our understanding of cognitive formats. We illustrate these (...) points by examining two case studies in which analogies to public representations may have had a negative impact on research: the 80’s-90’s debate about compositionality and cognitive architecture between symbolicists and connectionists; and contemporary discussions about the nature of visual demonstratives. Finally, we outline an alternative, computational account of formats that does not share the shortcomings of appeal to public representations. (shrink)

Computational perspectivalism has been recently proposed as an alternative to mainstream accounts of physical computation, and especially to the teleologically-based mechanistic view. It takes physical computation to be partly dependent on explanatory perspectives and eschews appeal to teleology in helping individuate computational systems. I assess several varieties of computational perspectivalism, showing that they either collapse into existing non-perspectival views or end up with unsatisfactory or implausible accounts of physical computation. Computational perspectivalism fails, therefore, to be a compelling alternative to perspective-independent (...) theories of computation in physical systems. I conclude that a teleologically-based, non-perspectival mechanistic account of physical computation is to be preferred. 1Introduction 2The Mechanistic View of Computation 2.1Teleological functions and meeting the desiderata 3Varieties of Perspectivalism 4Computational Perspectivalism 4.1Computational perspectivalism and pancomputationalism 4.2Computational perspectivalism and miscomputation 5The Varieties of Computational Perspectivalism Assessed 5.1Innocuous computational perspectivalism 5.2Non-innocuous computational perspectivalism 5.2.1Computational instrumentalism 5.2.2Ontic perspectivalism 6Concluding Remarks. (shrink)

Abstract: Research on the nature and varieties of the format of cognitive representations in philosophy and cognitive science have been partly shaped by analogies to external, public representations. In this paper, we argue that relying on such analogies contributes to framing the question of cognitive formats in problematic, potentially counterproductive ways. We show that cognitive and public representations differ in many of their central features, making analogies to public representations ill-suited to improving our understanding of cognitive formats. We illustrate these (...) points by examining two case studies in which analogies to public representations may have had a negative impact on research: the 80’s-90’s debate about compositionality and cognitive architecture between symbolicists and connectionists; and contemporary discussions about the nature of visual demonstratives. Finally, we outline an alternative, computational account of formats that does not share the shortcomings of appeal to public representations. (shrink)

In the literature on the nature and role of cognitive representation, three positions are taken across the conceptual landscape: robust realism, primitivism, and eliminativism. Recently, a fourth alternative that tries to avoid the shortcomings of traditional views has been proposed: content pragmatism. My aim is to defend pragmatism about content against some recent objections moved against the view. According to these objections, content pragmatism fails to capture the role played by representation in the cognitive sciences; and/or is an unstable view (...) that ends up collapsing into one of the traditional alternatives. I argue that those arguments fail. I show that content pragmatism has as much claim to descriptive adequacy as the traditional theories. Moreover, I defend the robustness of the view by arguing that it does not collapse into any of the traditional positions. Content pragmatism therefore offers a valid and coherent account of the nature of representational content. (shrink)

Themed Section of Bruniana & Campanelliana 2022/1, pp. 85-198 -/- - Simone Guidi, Introduction; - Andrew W. Arlig, Part-Whole Interdependence and the Presence of Form in Matter According to Some Fifteenth-Century Platonists; - Jean-Pascal Anfray, Aux limites de la métaphysique: parties, indivisibles et contact chez Suárez; - Simone Guidi, Indivisibles, Parts, and Wholes in Rubio’s Treatise on the Composition of Continuum (1605); - Dana Jalobeanu, Dissecting Nature ad vivum: Parts and Wholes in Francis Bacon’s Natural Philosophy; - Carla Rita (...) Palmerino, From Active Matter to Inertia, from Celerity to Slowness: the Motion of Atoms and of Compound Bodies in Gassendi’s Physics. (shrink)

Poetas que se destacaram pela sátira. Ecos satíricos em outros discursos poéticos. Juvenal, que não soube mentir, ocupou o seu tempo tentando a educar os romanos: Quid Romae faciam? Mentiri néscio. Que fazer em Roma? Não sei mentir.(I, 3, 41) A emergência urbana tornou o povo romano civilizado, mas insensato em suas preces suplicantes de desejos aos deuses: Juvenal, Sátiras, X.

Child mortality (the mortality of children less than five years old) declined considerably in the developing world in the 1990s, but infant mortality declined less. The reductions in neonatal mortality were not impressive and, as a consequence, there is an increasing percentage of infant deaths in the neonatal period. Any further reduction in child mortality, therefore, requires an understanding of the determinants of neonatal mortality. 209,628 birth and 2581 neonatal death records for the 1998 birth cohort from the city of (...) São Paulo, Brazil, were probabilistically matched. Data were from SINASC and SIM, Information Systems on Live Births and Deaths of Brazil. Logistic regression was used to find the association between neonatal mortality and the following risk factors: birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, delivery mode, plurality, sex, maternal education, maternal age, number of prior losses, prenatal care, race, parity and community development. Infants of older mothers were less likely to die in the neonatal period. Caesarean delivery was not found to be associated with neonatal mortality. Low birth weight, pre-term birth and low Apgar scores were associated with neonatal death. Having a mother who lives in the highest developed community decreased the odds of neonatal death, suggesting that factors not measured in this study are behind such association. This result may also indicate that other factors over and above biological and more proximate factors could affect neonatal death. (shrink)

In early modern China, natural history and medicine were shifting along with the boundaries of the empire. Naturalists struggled to cope with a pharmacy's worth of new and unfamiliar substances, texts, and terms, as plants, animals, and the drugs made from them travelled into China across land and sea. One crucial aspect of this phenomenon was the early modern exchange between Islamic and Chinese medicine. The history of theriac illustrates the importance of the recipe for the naturalization of foreign objects (...) in early modern Chinese medicine. Theriac was a widely sought-after and hotly debated product in early modern European pharmacology, and arrived into the Chinese medical canon via Arabic and Persian texts. The dialogue between language and material objects was critical to the Silk Road drug trade, and transliteration was ultimately a crucial technology used to translate drugs and texts about them in the early modern world. (shrink)

Nesse trabalho será analisado o tratamento teórico apresentado por Hannah Arendt sobre o tema da desobediência civil em sua obra Crises da República, traçando um paralelo com as práticas do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra no que tange à legitimidade dos seus atos de desobediência civil. Sob esse enfoque a luta pelo acesso a terra se apresenta como uma possibilidade de que seus integrantes integrem-se em comunidade fundando um espaço público e desenvolvendo sua capacidade de ação política, característica essencial da (...) vida humana. (shrink)

This paper provides an argument for a more socially relevant philosophy of science (SRPOS). Our aims in this paper are to characterize this body of work in philosophy of science, to argue for its importance, and to demonstrate that there are significant opportunities for philosophy of science to engage with and support this type of research. The impetus of this project was a keen sense of missed opportunities for philosophy of science to have a broader social impact. We illustrate various (...) ways in which SRPOS can provide social benefits, as well as benefits to scientific practice and philosophy itself. Also, SRPOS is consistent with some historical and contemporary goals of philosophy of science. We’re calling for an expansion of philosophy of science to include more of this type of work. In order to support this expansion, we characterize philosophy of science as an epistemic community and examine the culture and practices of philosophy of science that can help or hinder research in this area. (shrink)

This article is a within- and cross-country examination of the impact of fair trade certification on consumers’ evaluations and attitudes toward ethically certified products. Across three experimental studies, the authors analyze how different levels of brand familiarity and fair trade expertise impact consumer decisions. The authors study this phenomenon across markets with different social orientation cultures to analyze potential dissimilarities in the way consumers evaluate and behave toward ethically certified products. Findings suggest that fair trade certifications enhance product valuations. However, (...) this effect is especially observed for low familiar brands, once the level of fair trade expertise increases. Findings also suggest that there are individual cultural differences with respect to social and environmental labeling expertise that may account for some of the unexplained variation in choice behaviors observed across countries. Results indicate that especially in more (mature) individualistic markets (vs. collectivistic) consumer ethical behavior seems to be greatly influenced by consumers’ perceptions about the eligibility of brands using (or not) fair trade. This effect is strengthened by the significant mediating role of consumers’ ethicality perceptions on the relationship between fair trade and the willingness to pay for brands. (shrink)

Not limited to merely mathematics, probability has a rich and controversial philosophical aspect. _A Philosophical Introduction to Probability_ showcases lesser-known philosophical notions of probability and explores the debate over their interpretations. Galavotti traces the history of probability and its mathematical properties and then discusses various philosophical positions on probability, from the Pierre Simon de Laplace's “classical” interpretation of probability to the logical interpretation proposed by John Maynard Keynes. This book is a valuable resource for students in philosophy and mathematics and (...) all readers interested in notions of probability. (shrink)